3D printing technology applied to solar cell manufacturing process

With the rise of a new round of industrial revolution, a global consensus has been reached to deal with climate change. Energy technology has become the source power to lead the transformation of energy industry and realize innovation driven development. At present, major countries and regions in the world regard energy technology as the breakthrough point of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution. From the perspective of energy strategy, they formulate various energy technology plans and take actions to accelerate energy science and technology innovation, so as to enhance international competitiveness. At the same time, the latest development of energy technology also indicates the global energy development trend in the future.            I. Analysis of the development trend of global energy technology            1. Green and low-carbon energy technologies are bound to be the main direction of future development            In the future, energy will continue to develop in the direction of low carbon, green and efficient. In the 2018-2020 annual expenditure plan of horizon 2020, the field of "low carbon and the future of adapting to climate change" will receive a budget of 3.3 billion euros. According to the annual work plan, projects in the four clean energy source fields of renewable energy, energy-efficient building, electric transport and storage plan will receive a budget of 2.2 billion euros. The Russian Ministry of Energy announced its support for the establishment of the Far East federal region renewable energy development fund and will formulate specific proposals. The UK will invest £ 28 million in renewable energy innovation, smart energy system innovation, low-carbon industrial innovation, nuclear energy innovation and other energy innovation projects as part of the energy innovation plan (2016-2021). The trump government announced its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, and the global climate change situation became confusing. However, the transformation of the global energy sector has become the general trend. Green energy technology and low-carbon energy technology are bound to be the main development directions in the future.            2. Small modular reactor opens a new era of nuclear energy            Small modular reactor (SMR) has attracted more and more attention because of its high safety performance, flexibility of operation and adaptability of power grid. SMR technology development and deployment has been promoted by many nuclear power countries in the world. Nuscale power company of the United States submitted the first application for SMR commercial power plant design certification review. Canadian regulators have initiated general siting and forensics procedures for the first SMR demonstration reactor. Russia will assist the Philippines in carrying out feasibility studies on the construction of SMR on land or offshore. A small nuclear power plant based on the principle of thermionic emission effect has been developed by the "light" scientific production joint company of Russia atomic energy group. It is safe and reliable, does not need maintenance, and can operate for a long time. It can be used as an independent power supply for important facilities in remote areas. The UK government is committed to exploring the potential of SMR through competition and assessing the market benefits of developing, commercializing and funding SMR technology. On July 3, 2018, the Japanese government announced the latest "fifth energy basic plan", which proposed that the reactor type with security, economy and mobility advantages would be developed in the future, and the small modular reactor would be an important option for the future development of Japan.            3. Energy blockchain has a bright future            Blockchain technology has the advantages of decentralized storage and high transparency of information, which can realize the digital, distributed and precise management of energy, and will have a huge impact on the future energy market. The U.S. Department of energy proposes "a new concept of energy system based on blockchain technology" to explore the application of blockchain technology in power grid management. A consortium led by BP and shell will develop a blockchain digital platform for energy commodity trading. The Australian government will provide a $2.57 million to support a two-year pilot project for photovoltaic and water applications using blockchain technology. McKinsey pointed out in a report that blockchain is the core technology that has the most potential to trigger the fifth round of subversive revolution after steam engine, power, information and Internet technology. For a widely distributed, complex and huge industry like oil and gas, the golden age of blockchain technology is coming.            4. Battery energy storage will play an important role            As the supporting industry and key driver of energy structure adjustment, energy storage industry has broad application prospects in traditional power generation, power transmission and distribution, power demand side, auxiliary services, new energy access and other different fields. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (Irena) report on electricity storage and renewable energy: cost and Market Research (2030), by 2030, if the share of renewable energy in the energy system doubles, the global energy storage capacity will triple. According to the basic forecast scenario, by 2030, the global energy storage capacity will increase by 42% - 68% on the basis of 2017. If the growth of renewable energy is strong, the growth rate of energy storage capacity will reach 155% - 227%. Battery energy storage will play an important role in changing the structure of energy storage installation, and play a role of power supply in the power energy system during peak load period. The rapid development of energy storage technology will bring significant changes to the energy system, at the same time, it will have a certain impact on fossil fuel demand. After all, energy storage will increasingly replace thermal power, and play a strong power regulation capacity in the power energy system.            5. Deep integration of 5g and energy            In recent years, the energy industry has actively implemented the "Internet +" strategy, comprehensively improved the industry's informatization and intelligence level, made full use of modern information communication technology and control technology, realized intelligent equipment status monitoring and information collection, and inspired new operation methods and energy use service models. With the rapid growth of all kinds of energy business, power grid equipment, power terminals and customers need to be connected urgently